;1555 BC, their capital was at Tell-el Dab‘a, called Avaris, “the (royal) foundation of the district,” at that time. 5. The royal palace at Memphis from the early 18th Dynasty has not been found. For a later palace at Memphis dating to the 13th century BC, see Wood 2005:66. 6. On the identification of the princess who adopted Moses, see Hansen 2003, and on the Pharaoh of the Exodus, see Shea 2003. 7. The Minoans were a seafaring people who inhabited the island of Crete. They were heavily involved in trade in the Aegean and Near East, including Egypt and Canaan, during the Bronze Age. Bibliography Bietak, Manfred2005 The Tuthmoside Stronghold of Perunefer. Egyptian Archaeology 26:13–17. Bietak, Manfred, and Forstner-Müller, Irene2005 Ausgrabung eines Palastbezirkes der Tuthmosidenzeit bei ‘Ezbet Helmi/Tell el-Dab‘a, Vorbericht für Herbst 2004 und Frühjahr 2005. Egypt and the Levant 15: 65–100. Hansen, David G.2003 Moses and Hatshepsut. Bible and Spade 16: 14–20. Higgenbotham, Carolyn2007 Hyksos.
Pp. 921–22 in The New Interpreter’s Dictionary of the Bible D-H 2, ed. Katharine D. Sakenfeld. Nashville: Abingdon. McGovern, Patrick E.2000 The Foreign Relations of the “Hyksos”: A Neutron Activation Study of Middle Bronze Age Pottery from the Eastern Mediterranean. BAR International Series. Oxford, England: Archaeopress. Shea, William H.2003 Amenhotep II as Pharaoh of the Exodus. Bible and Spade 16: 41–51. Wente, Edward F., and Van Siclen III, Charles C.1977 A Chronology of the New Kingdom. Pp. 217–61 in Studies in Honor of George Hughes, January 2, 1977, ed. Janet H. Johnson, and Edward F. Wente. Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization 39. Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. Wood, Bryant G.1997 The Sons of Jacob: New Evidence for the Presence of the Israelites in Egypt. Bible and Spade 10: 53–65.2005 Pharaoh Merenptah Meets Israel. Bible and Spade 18: 65–82. Please help ABR continue to post these freearticles by making a donation f any size today. DonateDid Eilat Mazar Find King David's Palace?
The Angelic Proclamation to the Shepherds
IntroductionI would like to draw back the curtains on the Drama of World Redemption and take a peek at what was going on behind the scenes during the second half of the first century BC. I will also consider the events leading up to the birth of the Lord Jesus and the announcement of that birth by the angels to the shepherds in the fields surrounding Bethlehem. This may seem like a daunting task; and I am not presuming that I have all the answers. I am like the Monday morning quarterback that analyzes the Sunday afternoon football game with 20-20 hindsight pointing out the team’s mistakes, analyzing why they lost the game, and showing how they could have won. As an archaeologist, historian and a student of the Scriptures, I will bring some of the “secular” and “sacred” sources together to see the announcement of the birth of the Lord Jesus by the angels in the greater context of world redemption and the “conflict of the ages,” the war between God and Satan. For a good Biblical overview of the conflict between God and Satan, see Renald E. Showers’s, What on Earth is God Doing? Satan’s Conflict with God (1973). An Overview of the Conflict of the AgesThis drama, or conflict, actually began in the Garden of Eden. Eve, our first mother, was deceived by Satan who was disguised as a serpent. She fell into transgression and disobeyed the Word of God (I Tim. 2:13, 14). God cursed the serpent and said to him: “And I will put enmity between you and the woman, and between your seed and her Seed; He shall bruise your head, and you shall bruise His heel” (Gen. 3:13). This was the first prophecy at the beginning of the long war between God and Satan. Years later, God made an unconditional covenant with Abraham where He promised a land to Abraham and his descendents (Gen. 12:1-3; 13:14-18; 15:1-21; 17:4-8). After God tested Abraham to see if he would offer his “son, [his] only son Isaac,” Abraham passed this test and God reconfirmed the covenant with Abraham learn spanish
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